The long monophthongs

7. NURSE: The most usual variant is [з:], a mid-central, unrounded vowel, slightly closer than RP [з:]. A variant amongst middle-class, and mostly female speakers, is similar to RP [з:], but possibly overshooting this target to a slightly fronted and lowered equivalent. Older speakers of an Indo-European background (chiefly Bhojpuri-Hindi and Urdu) use [ε:] or [e:] here. The rounding of the NURSE vowel that one finds in some varieties of SAfE does not occur in InSAfE.

8. FLEECE: The FLEECE vowel is uniformly [i:] as in all L1 varieties of SAfE.

9. GOOSE: This vowel tends to retain a back, rounded quality [u:]; the centralized and weakly-rounded quality [u:] spreading in young peoples' L1 English worldwide is not generally part of InSAfE. Younger InSAfE speakers may well have the latter [u:] as a stylistic option. After palatalized consonants as in few, news the centralized [u:] is the norm.

10. PALM: [ɑ:] is a low back, unrounded vowel. It is neither as back as its equivalent in broad SAfE nor subject to raising or rounding.

11. THOUGHT: The usual vowel in InSAfE is [ɔ:], a half-open, weakly-rounded, back vowel. For some speakers raising to [o:] occurs in formal styles, under influence of general SAfE. A less prestigious variant involves shortening to [ɒ] in words like taught (vernacular form , shorts [ʃɒts], caught [kɒt], north ). There is thus a fair amount of overlap in the membership of the sets LOT and THOUGHT. After /w/ in words like war, warm, water the usual vowel is [ɑ:], not the raised and rounded [ɔ:] of general SAfE, RP, and other varieties.

12. START: Postvocalic /r/ is not pronounced in InSAfE, the only exception being the letter r itself, which is pronounced [ɑ:r] with a weak trill. The usual vowel here is [ɑ:].

13. NORTH: The usual vowel here is [ɔ:], which is a half-open, weakly-rounded, back vowel. Raising to [o:] does not occur, except as a prestige variant for some speakers in formal styles. A less prestigious variant involves shortening to [ɒ] in words like taught, shorts, caught, north.

14. FORCE: FORCE behaves the same as NORTH. That is the usual vowel is [ɔ:], with [o:] a prestige variant in formal styles. A less prestigious variant involves shortening to [ɒ] in words like sports, horse, orphan.