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الكيمياء الصناعية | Oxidation States of Halogens in Compounds |
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date: 20-12-2018 |
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As a general rule, halogens usually have an oxidation state of -1. However, if the halogen is bonded to oxygen or to another halogen, it can adopt different states: the -2 rule for oxygen takes precedence over this rule; in the case of two different halogens bonded together, the more electronegative atom takes precedence and adopts the -1 oxidation state.
Example 1.1: Iodine Chloride (ICl)
Chlorine has an oxidation state of -1, and iodine will have an oxidation of +1. Chlorine is more electronegative than iodine, therefore giving it the -1 oxidation state.
Example 1.2: Perbromic Acid (HBrO4)
Oxygen has a total oxidation state of -8 (-2 charge x 4 atoms= -8 total charge). Hydrogen has a total oxidation state of +1. Adding both of these values together, the total oxidation state of the compound so far is -7. Since the final oxidation state of the compound must be 0, bromine's oxidation state is +7.
One third exception to the rule is this: if a halogen exists in its elemental form (X2), its oxidation state is zero.
| Halogen | Oxidation States in Compounds |
|---|---|
| Fluorine | (always) -1* |
| Chlorine | -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 |
| Bromine | -1, +1, +3, +4, +5 |
| Iodine | -1, +1,+5, +7 |
| Astatine | -1, +1, +3, +5, +7 |
Example 1.3: Fluorine
Why does fluorine always have an oxidation state of-1 in its compounds?
SOLUTION
Electronegativity increases across a period, and decreases down a group. Therefore, fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all of the elements, indicated by its position on the periodic table. Its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p5. If fluorine gains one more electron, the outermost p orbitals are completely filled (resulting in a full octet). Because fluorine has a high electronegativity, it can easily remove the desired electron from a nearby atom. Fluorine is then isoelectronic with a noble gas (with eight valence electrons); all its outermost orbitals are filled. Fluorine is much more stable in this state.
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علامات بسيطة في جسدك قد تنذر بمرض "قاتل"
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أول صور ثلاثية الأبعاد للغدة الزعترية البشرية
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مدرسة دار العلم.. صرح علميّ متميز في كربلاء لنشر علوم أهل البيت (عليهم السلام)
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