/X, M/

/X, M/ are not generally found in southern accents of English English and RP (Wells 1982: 408). However, the extent to which these categories are intact for some speakers of Urban Scots is doubtful. Macafee’s (1983: 32) observation of [k] and [w] as possible realizations in localized Glasgow speech was confirmed for the speech of the working class speakers in 1997, especially the adolescents, for whom [k] and [w] are the majority forms. Johnston (1997: 507) reports [W] for [M] in Edinburgh, and a recent study of the speech of the new town Livingston, which lies between Edinburgh and Glasgow, found [k] but not [w] (Jones 2002: 57). [X] and [M], which we might expect to be characteristic of Urban Scots, are generally maintained in Scottish Standard English. (In Northern Scots [M] has been replaced by [f].