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Date: 5-4-2019
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Brönsted-Lowry Definitions
The difficulty of fitting NH3 into a general scheme of acids and bases was solved in 1923 by Johannes Brönsted and Thomas Lowry, who defined an acid as a proton donor and base as a proton acceptor. Thus NH3 acts as a base and accepts a proton (H+) from H2O, and H2O acts as an acid in donating a proton to NH3.
(1.1)
The reverse reaction is also an acid-base reaction: NH4+ acts as an acid in donating a proton to the base, OH-. In the Brönsted-Lowry scheme, every acid has a conjugate base and every base has a conjugate acid. Thus NH4+ is the acid conjugate to the base NH3, and OH- is the base conjugate to the acid H2O. Similarly, acetic acid, CH3COOH, donates its acidic proton to H2O to produce the conjugate base, acetate ion, CH3CO2-:
(1.2)
Notice that water can act both as an acid, with conjugate base OH-, and as a base, with conjugate acid H3O+.
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دور النظارات المطلية في حماية العين
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العلماء يفسرون أخيرا السبب وراء ارتفاع جبل إيفرست القياسي
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اختتام المراسم التأبينية التي أهدي ثوابها إلى أرواح شهداء المق*ا*و*مة
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