Died: 14 July 1953 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Richard von Mises was born in Lvov when it was under Austrian control and known as Lemberg. His father, Arthur Edler von Mises, worked for the Austrian State Railways as a technical expert and his mother was Adele von Landau. Richard was the second son of the family, the elder son being Ludwig von Mises who went on to become as famous as Richard. Ludwig, who was about eighteen months older than Richard, went on to become an economist who contributed to liberalism in economic theory and made his belief in consumer power an important part of that theory. Richard also had a younger brother, who died as an infant.

It was on the technical course that von Mises embarked, studying mathematics, physics and engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna. After graduating he was appointed as Georg Hamel's assistant in Brünn. The city of Brünn is today called Brno in the south-eastern Czech Republic. Up to World War II the inhabitants were predominantly German, although today they are now mainly Czech. Von Mises was awarded a doctorate from Vienna in 1907 and the following year he was awarded his habilitation from Brünn, becoming qualified to lecture on engineering and machine construction.

He was professor of applied mathematics at Strasburg from 1909 until 1918, although this was a period which was interrupted by World War I. Even before the outbreak of the war von Mises had qualified as a pilot and he gave the first university course on powered flight in 1913. When war broke out von Mises joined the Austro-Hungarian army and piloted aircraft. He had lectured on the design of aircraft before the war and he now put this into practice leading a team which constructed a 600-horsepower plane for the Austrian army in 1915.

After the end of the war von Mises was appointed to a new chair of hydrodynamics and aerodynamics at the Technische Hochschule in Dresden. Appointed in 1919 he soon moved again, this time to the University of Berlin to become the director of the new Institute of Applied Mathematics which had been set up there. Schmidt had argued for the setting up of the Institute in 1918:-

The pervasion of practical life by mathematical methods, as a result of the development of technology before the war and, above all, the unexpected need for ... mathematicians during the war make it an undeniable necessity to install applied mathematics at the largest Prussian university... Among university students, however, one frequently finds the opinion that applied mathematics is a subject of inferior importance, which does not require one's full attention. to create a new tradition, it needs an important personality of approved name. Such a personality can only be attracted by a full professorship.

These words by Schmidt show great wisdom, and the authorities did indeed create the full professorship and made an inspired choice for the first holder in von Mises. Ostrowski wrote in a 1965 lecture (see for example [16]):-

Only with the appointment of Richard von Mises to the University of Berlin did the first serious German school of applied mathematics with a broad sphere of influence come into existence. Von Mises was an incredibly dynamic person and at the same time amazingly versatile like Runge. He was especially well versed in the realm of technology.

The Institute of Applied Mathematics flourished under his control. In 1921 he founded the journal Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik and he became the editor of the journal. In the first edition he wrote an introduction stressing the wide range of applied mathematics and also the fact that the line between pure and applied mathematics is not a fixed one, but one which changes over time as different areas of "pure mathematics" find applications in practical situations.

He set up a new curriculum for applied mathematics at the university which spread over six semesters and included applications of mathematics to astronomy, geodesy and technology. It was not a "soft option" and von Mises went out of his way to stress that applied mathematics was every bit as rigorous as pure mathematics requiring [13]:-

... a mathematical model of the widest possible generality, where the argument could be made with clarity, elegance, and rigour.

His Institute rapidly became a centre for research into areas such as probability, statistics, numerical solutions of differential equations, elasticity and aerodynamics. Von Mises was also an excellent lecturer. Collatz, one of his students, wrote:-

I was enrolled in Berlin in 1930. ... Professor Dr Richard von Mises [gave] excellent, very clear and stimulating lectures on applied analysis ....

The paper [8], written by Collatz, discusses von Mises' work on numerical mathematics, discusses his founding of the journal Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik and looks at the difficulties faced by von Mises in bringing up the status of applied mathematics during the 1920s and early 1930s.

On 30 January 1933, however, Hitler came to power and on 7 April 1933 the Civil Service Law provided the means of removing Jewish teachers from the universities, and of course also to remove those of Jewish descent from other roles. All civil servants who were not of Aryan descent (having one grandparent of the Jewish religion made someone non-Aryan) were to be retired. Von Mises in one sense was not Jewish for he was a Roman Catholic by religion. He still fell under the non-Aryan definition of the act but there was an exemption clause which exempted non-Aryans who had fought in World War I. Von Mises certainly qualified under this clause and it would have allowed him to keep his chair in Berlin in 1933. He realised, quite correctly, that the exemption clause would not save him for long. On the 10 June 1933 he wrote to von Kármán about a young German, Walter Tollmien, who was looking for a position:-

I have to advise you that the irrevocable prerequisite for any kind of employment or scholarship or suchlike is to make a statement on his word of honour that his four grandparents are Aryan and in particular are of non-Jewish descent. ... I believe that in a favourable case the prospects are not quite so bad as indeed a large part of all the previous candidates can be omitted under the present law.

Von Kármán forwarded the letter to Tollmien, writing "Indeed a document of our time" on the back!

Von Mises saw an offer of a chair in Turkey as a way out of his predicament in Germany but he tried to ensure that his pension rights were preserved. On 12 October 1933 he wrote to the ministry explaining that it would benefit Germany if he accepted a post in Turkey and that he should be allowed to retain his pension rights for his 24 years of service. He received the reply that he would have to relinquish all rights of a salary, a pension or support for his dependants. He protested in a further letter to the Ministry that he was legally entitled to rights that he was not prepared to relinquish. The Nazi Theodor Vahlen wanted to take over as director of the Institute despite poor academic qualities. He promised von Mises that if he would support him to succeed as Director of the Institute then he would ensure that von Mises would not lose his pension rights.

In October 1933 von Mises wrote his letter to support Vahlen as his successor. Collatz, von Mises' student, wrote:-

I took my Staatsexamen in November 1933, and Professor von Mises examined me on the day before his departure. The same day, he talked to me for about one hour, giving advice for my further research ...

Vahlen was appointed Director of the Institute in December 1933. Having taken up the new chair in Istanbul, von Mises received a letter in January 1934 denying him any rights at all. It was something that von Mises continued to feel extremely aggrieved about, writing to the Ministry in 1953, shortly before his death, still trying to restore his rights.

The mathematician Hilda Geiringer followed him to Istanbul in 1934. There she was appointed as professor of mathematics.

In 1938 Kemal Atatürk died and those in Turkey who had fled from the Nazis feared that their safe haven would become unsafe. In 1939 von Mises left Turkey for the United States. He became professor at Harvard University and in 1944 he was appointed Gordon-McKay Professor of Aerodynamics and Applied Mathematics there. Geiringer followed him to the USA and they were married in 1943.

Von Mises worked on fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, aeronautics, statistics and probability theory. He classified his own work, not long before his death, into eight areas: practical analysis, integral and differential equations, mechanics, hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, constructive geometry, probability calculus, statistics and philosophy. He introduced a stress tensor which was used in the study of the strength of materials. His studies of wing theory for aircraft led him to investigate turbulence. Much of his work involved numerical methods and this led him to develop new techniques in numerical analysis. His most famous, and at the same time most controversial, work was in probability theory.

He made considerable progress in the area of frequency analysis which was started by Venn. He combined the idea of a Venn limit and a random sequence of events. Ostrowski in the same lecture which we quoted from above wrote (see for example [16]):-

Because of his dynamic personality his occasional major blunders were somehow tolerated. One has even forgiven him his theory of probability.

This judgement by Ostrowski is rather harsh, however, and many consider von Mises' theories to be important in the development of the subject. After the measure theory approach by Kolmogorov had become favoured by almost all statisticians over von Mises' limiting frequency theory approach, there was a return to von Mises ideas and there was an attempt to incorporate them into the measure theoretic approach of Kolmogorov who wrote himself in 1963:-

... that the basis for the applicability of the results of the mathematical theory of probability to real 'random phenomena' must depend on some form of the frequency concept of probability, the unavoidable nature of which has been established by von Mises in a spirited manner.

In paper [18] discusses:-

... von Mises' notion of a random sequence in the context of his approach to probability theory. [The author claims] that the acceptance of Kolmogorov's rival axiomatisation was due to a different intuition about probability getting the upper hand, as illustrated by the notion of a martingale.

Phillip Frank, writing in [4] says:-

... in looking over the work of von Mises ... we cannot fail to recognise a whole spectrum of research, extending from the philosophical meaning of science to practical methods of numerical computation. ... von Mises has always been a truly broad-minded man ... notwithstanding the wide range of his topics, his work shows a great intrinsic unity: starting from a definite center, it branches out in systematic investigations of a great diversity of problems. ... von Mises chose the topics according to a very definite view-point, determined by his ideas about the essence and method of every thoroughly scientific research.

In von Mises' book Positivism: A Study in Human Understanding (1951) he expressed his views on science and life. He subscribes to a doctrine of positivism in the book saying:-

Positivism does not claim that all questions can be answered rationally, just as medicine is not based on the premise that all diseases are curable, or physics does not start out with the postulate that all phenomena are explicable. But the mere possibility that there may be no answers to some questions is no sufficient reason for not looking for answers, or for not using those which are attainable.

This interest in philosophy was only one of von Mises' interests outside the realm of mathematics. Another was the fact that he was an international authority on the Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926).

In 1950 von Mises was offered honorary membership of the East German Academy of Science. This was difficult for von Mises, particularly in McCarthy era America where any link with communism would have been viewed as a serious offence. He sadly declined in a letter written on 15 September 1950:-

1. N T Gridgeman, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902986.html
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
   http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052958/Richard-von-Mises

Books:

1. H Geiringer (ed.), Mathematical Theory of Probability and Statistics (New York, 1964).
2. Studies in mathematics and mechanics : Presented to Richard von Mises by Friends, Colleagues and Pupils (New York, 1954).

Articles:

1. A Basch, Richard von Mises zum 70, Geburtstag, Osterreich. Ing.-Arch. 7 (1953), 73-76.
2. H Bernhardt, Zum Leben und Wirken des Mathematikers Richard von Mises, NTM Schr. Geschichte Natur. Tech. Medizin 16 (2) (1979), 40-49.
3. G Birkhoff, Richard von Mises' years at Harvard, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 63 (7) (1983), 283-284.
4. L Collatz, Richard von Mises als numerischer Mathematiker, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 63 (7) (1983), 278-280.
5. H Cramér, Richard von Mises' work in probability and statistics, Ann. Math. Statistics 24 (1953), 657-662.
6. H Föllmer and K Küchler, Richard von Mises, in Mathematics in Berlin (Berlin, 1998), 55-60.
7. J Förste, Zum 100: Geburtstag von Richard von Mises, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 63 (7) (1983), 277.
8. P Frank, The work of Richard von Mises: 1883-1953, Science 119 (1954), 823-824.
9. G S S Ludford, Mechanics in the applied- mathematical world of von Mises, Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 63 (7) (1983), 281-282.
10. R Sauer, Nachruf : Richard von Mises, Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Jbuch. 1953 (1953), 194-197.
11. R Sauer, Richard von Mises 19. 4. 1883 - 14. 7. 1953 (German), Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Jbuch. 1953 (1953), 194-197
12. R Siegmund-Schultze, Hilda Geiringer von Mises, Charlier Series, Ideology, and the human side of the emancipation of applied mathematics at the University of Berlin during the 1920s, Historia Mathematica 20 (1993), 364-381.
13. A Szafarz, Richard von Mises : l'échec d'une axiomatique, Dialectica 38 (4) (1984), 311-317.
14. M van Lambalgen, Randomness and foundations of probability : von Mises' axiomatisation of random sequences, in Statistics, probability and game theory (Hayward, CA, 1996), 347-367.