Born: 15 October 1776 in Norwich, England
Died: 1 March 1862 in Kent, England

Peter Barlow was self-educated but this education was sufficiently good that he was able to compete successfully to became an assistant mathematics master at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich. He was appointed to the post in 1801 and he began publishing mathematical articles in the Ladies Diary and he became sufficiently well established as a leading authority on mathematics that after a while he was asked to contribute various articles on mathematics for encyclopaedias.

In addition to these articles, Barlow also published several important books, for example in 1811 he published An elementary investigation of the theory of numbers and three years later he published A new mathematical and philosophical dictionary.

He is remembered most for two important contributions. In 1814 he produced a second book, in addition to the one described above, entitled New mathematical tables. These soon became known as Barlow's Tables and this work gives factors, squares, cubes, square roots, reciprocals and hyperbolic logarithms of all numbers from 1 to 10 000. The book [2]:-

... was considered so accurate and so useful that it has been regularly reprinted ever since.

In the mathematical library at the University of St Andrews we have several well worn copies of these tables which must have been used intensely for many years. Today, however, they are only of historical interest since they were made completely obsolete by calculators and computers.

Barlow's second major contribution makes his name still well known by amateur astronomers today. He invented the Barlow lens, a telescope lens consisting of a colourless liquid between two pieces of glass [1]:-

The "Barlow lens", a modification of this telescope lens, is a negative achromatic combination of flint glass and crown glass.

In his lifetime Barlow's greatest achievement was being elected to the Royal Society and receiving its Copley medal for his work on magnetism [2]:-

In 1819 Barlow began work on the problem of deviation in ship compasses caused by the presence of iron in the hull. For his method of correcting the deviation by juxtaposing the compass with a suitably shaped piece of iron, he was awarded the Copley Medal ...

These were not his only contributions, however. In 1817 he published Essay on the strength and stress of timber which contains data he collected while conducting experiments at the military establishments in Woolwich. He also worked on the design of bridges, in particular working from 1819 to 1826 with Thomas Telford on the design of the bridge over the Menai Strait. It was the first major modern suspension bridge.

Westminster Bridge was built across the Thames in London, despite opposition from city merchants, in the 1740s and rebuilt by Charles Labelye in the 1750s. However when there was a move to demolish and replace this old bridge in the 1820s, Barlow was consulted to compute how the tides on the Thames would be affected by the removal of this structure. After Barlow reported, New London Bridge was designed by John Rennie Sr and built by his son John Rennie Jr.

1. H I Sharlin, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900269.html
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
   http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013393/Peter-Barlow

Articles:

1. Peter Barlow, Dictionary of National Biography.