Born: 14 August 1737 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England
Died: 27 January 1823 in London, England

Charles Hutton's father, who was a supervisor in a colliery, was descended from a respectable Westmoreland family. Charles, the youngest of his parents sons, was born in Percy Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. He was brought up in Newcastle where his father died when he was five years old, but his mother remarried the foreman of Old Long Benton pit whose name was Fraim. Charles suffered an unfortunate injury when he was seven years old. He became involved in a fight with some other children and his left elbow was dislocated. Had young Charles told his parents immediately it is probable that doctors could have done enough to allow it to heal over time. However, he kept it from his parents for long enough that by the time it was treated it was impossible to save him from a permanent disability. Without this injury it is almost certain that Charles would have followed in his brothers footsteps and, like his father and his stepfather, would have gone to work at the colliery. His parents decided that if he could not do manual work then they would send him to school to learn to read and write.

Riddle tells us of Hutton's education in [7]:-

He was taught to read by an old woman who conducted a little school in the neighbourhood, and to write by a schoolmaster named Robson, near Benwell, a village near Newcastle; and he attended afterwards a school at Jesmond, kept by the Rev. Mr Ivison, a clergyman of the English Church; and on Mr Ivison's removal to a curacy in the county of Durham, Mr Hutton succeeded him in his school at Jesmond.

In fact Hutton did work for a short time at Old Long Benton colliery between the time Mr Ivison left the school and when Hutton succeeded him. He was so successful in this school in Jesmond that he soon moved to larger premises in the neighbourhood. At this stage Hutton began studying mathematics at evening classes at Mr James' school in Newcastle. In 1760 Hutton opened the Mathematical School in Newcastle but he also taught at the main secondary school in the city. He was fortunate to have a number of private pupils from the local land owning families who helped further his career. Riddle tells us that [7]:-

... his manners, as well as his talents, rendered him acceptable as a private teacher in the families of the higher classes.

On the other hand these "higher class" people benefited greatly from the high quality of teaching that Hutton provided. One such was Robert Shafto, whose children were taught by Hutton, who not only gave Hutton access to his extensive library but also persuaded him to begin publishing texts.

Hutton had some pupils who went on to become more famous than their schoolmaster. One such was John Scott who was born in Newcastle in 1751 and went on to be lord chancellor of England between 1801 and 1827. King George IV made Scott Viscount Encombe and Earl of Eldon in 1821. Another of Hutton's pupils was Elizabeth Surtees, from an important family of wealthy bankers in Newcastle, who later became John Scott's wife.

Encouraged by Shafto, Hutton published his first textbook The Schoolmaster's Guide, or a Complete System of Practical Arithmetic at Newcastle in 1764 which he dedicated to Robert Shafto. It was an elementary arithmetic text which was soon was adopted widely. He now saw his opportunity to educate schoolmasters and provide them with further mathematical training so he advertised in 1766 and 1767 (see [5]):-

Any schoolmaster, in town or country, who is desirous of improvement in any branch of the mathematics, by applying to Mr Hutton, may be instructed.

The next textbook which Hutton published, again at Newcastle, was A Treatise on Mensuration. The book was, in his own words:-

... adapted particularly to the uses of schools, mathematicians and mechanics.

Thomas Bewick, born in 1753, was an apprentice in Newcastle when he undertook the illustrations in Hutton's A Treatise on Mensuration (1767-1770). Bewick rediscovered the technique of wood engraving which he went on to establish as a major book illustrating technique but Hutton's book was his first assignment. Hutton certainly made an inspired choice in having Bewick illustrate his book. The fact that 59 schoolmasters from the Newcastle area subscribed to the text before its publication tells us that Hutton had by this time acquired an excellent reputation both as a teacher and as a writer of mathematical texts. Many later writers borrowed much material from this book.

Not only was Hutton teaching and writing textbooks, but he also undertook a land survey of the area around Newcastle for the mayor and corporation of the city. In 1770 he produced Plan of Newcastle and Gateshead which is now lodged in Newcastle City Library. Two years later he published The Principles of Bridges, a treatise on the equilibrium of bridges.

Shafto persuaded Hutton to have greater ambitions than being a schoolmaster in Newcastle and when a competition for the position of professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich in London was announced, following the death of Mr Cowley, Hutton became one of the eleven competitors. Maskelyne was one of the panel with the task of choosing the best candidate for the post and there was little doubt that Hutton showed himself to be a class above the rest in the several days of examinations; he was appointed on 24 May 1773. In the following year, on 16 June, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. He later received an honorary degree from the University of Edinburgh.

Hutton became editor of the Ladies' Diary in 1773 and continued to undertake his editorial duties for 45 years until 1818; there is information about his role as editor in [6]. Riddle writes in [7]:-

The editorship of the Ladies' Diary afforded him an opportunity of becoming acquainted with the talents and acquirements of many ingenious individuals, who were inproving themselves in science by endeavouring to solve the mathematical questions proposed in the Diary; ans as opportunity occurred, many of them were drawn by his kind discrimination from obscurity, and placed in situations in which they were eminently useful to society.

In 1775 he published five volumes of extracts from the Ladies' Diary dealing with:-

... entertaining mathematical and poetical parts.

He now began to publish interesting papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In 1776 he published A new and general method of finding simple and quickly converging series and two year later, in the same Transactions he published The force of fired gunpowder and the velocity of cannon balls. He received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society for this 1778 paper. He also computed the mean density of the Earth based on Maskelyne's data from the mountain Schiehallion in An Account of the Calculations made from the Survey and Measures taken at Schiehallion in order to ascertain the mean density of the Earth (1779).

In 1779 Hutton became foreign secretary of the Royal Society. He held this position for four years before being forced to resign in 1783 by Sir Joseph Banks, who was president of the Society from 1778 to 1820. It was an unfortunate affair which led to considerable controversy in the Society. Banks claimed that Hutton had failed to carry out his duties efficiently, but many in the Society supported Hutton and felt that it was in fact Banks who had failed to manage the affairs of the Society competently. Banks was accused by Fellows of using excessive authority and of being "despotic". Francis Maseres and Nevil Maskelyne were among Hutton's supporters, while many others wrote anonymous pamphlets in support of Hutton and critical of Banks.

Hutton continued to publish textbooks, treatises and papers. In 1781 he published Mathematical Tables for the Board of Longitude. Further mathematical tables followed, one of which, published in 1785, contains an important historical introduction. He had a stroke of good fortune which was to make him a rich man and we quote the episode as given in [5]:-

In 1786 Hutton began to suffer from pulmonary disorders. The Royal Military Academy was situated near the river and dampness began to affect is chest; his predecessor Simpson had in fact died from a chest complaint. Hutton decided then to move, and bought land on the hill south of the river overlooking Woolwich. There he built himself a house and also others for letting. No sooner had he done this than it was decided to move the Academy from the damp riverside to the hilltop. A magnificent new building was erected, but, in the eyes of George III, its attractiveness was spoiled by the presence of Hutton's houses. These were therefore sold to the crown who promptly demolished them, leaving Hutton with a hefty profit from his speculation, sufficient to guarantee his financial future. Thus a physical disability turned him to mathematics and ill-health made him rich.

Hutton returned to publishing textbooks. The Compendious Measurer appeared in 1784, The Elements of Conic Sections in 1787 and, in 1795, his most famous work The Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary in two volumes. Baron writes in [1]:-

Although it was criticised as unbalanced in content, unduly cautious in tone, and sometimes lacking judgement, the dictionary has served as a valuable source for historians of mathematics.

However Howson writes [5]:-

It is an excellent survey of mathematics, includes biographies of many mathematicians, and is a pioneer contribution to the history of mathematics.

The first volume looks at topics such as: arithmetic including discussion of square and cube roots, arithmetical and geometrical progressions, compound interest, double position and permutations and combinations; logarithms; algebra including the study of quadratic equations and the Cardan-Tartaglia method for cubic equations; geometry which follows the approach in Euclid's Elements; surveying; and conic sections. The second volume contains Newton's approach to the differential and integral calculus.

The syllabus which was covered at The Royal Military Academy at Woolwich determined the contents of his textbook A course of mathematics for cadets of the Royal Military Academy published from 1798 to 1801. Hutton's fame as a writer of textbooks was such that even before this work appeared great things were expected of it as is indicated by the following pre-publication report in The Monthly Magazine of August 1798:-

From Dr Hutton's talents and long experience in his profession, there is every reason to expect that this will not only be a most useful and valuable work, but will completely supersede every other of the same description.

Written to be a textbook for students at the Academy at Woolwich, it was also adopted by the United States Military Academy at West Point north of New York. This academy opened on 4 July 1802 and Hutton's book was immediately adopted for the first intake of cadets, remaining the standard text at the Academy until 1823.

Hutton retired from his professorship at Woolwich in 1807 at the age of seventy on a pension of £500 per year and went to live in Bedford Row, London. Shortly before his death he was consulted about the curves which should be adopted for the arches for the New London Bridge, the proposed structure having five semielliptical stone arches. Construction of the bridge began in 1824, the year after Hutton's death. He had been married twice and was survived by two daughters and a son. Hutton was buried in the family vault at Charlton in Kent.

Baron gives this assessment of Hutton's contributions in [1]:-

1. M E Baron, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902102.html

Books:

1. J Bruce, A memoir of Charles Hutton (Newcastle, 1823).

Articles:

1. R E Anderson, Charles Hutton, Dictionary of National Biography XXVIII (1891), 351-353.
2. O Gregory, A Memoir of Charles Hutton, L.L.D., F.R.S., Imperial Magazine 5 (1823), 202-227.
3. A G Howson, Charles Hutton, in A History of Mathematics Education in England (Cambridge, 1982), 59-74.
4. T Perl, The Ladies' Diary or Woman's Almanack, 1704-1841, Historia Mathematica 6 (1979), 36-53.
5. E Riddle, Preface to Recreations in Science and Natural Philosophy (London, 1844), vii-viii.