Places and manners of articulation

Glides

The sounds /j/ and /w/ that are found in English are by far the most common glides in languages of the world. A noteworthy addition to this category is the labio-palatal approximant, [ɥ], found in French (e.g. [mɥεt] “mute”).

While the additional symbols are useful in dealing with sounds that are not found in English, they may not be sufficient when dealing with data from a disordered population. Here, we may require extra refinement in the form of new symbols and/or diacritics to accurately reflect the atypical productions, which are rarely found in natural languages, or not found at all. Among such articulations we may find the following: dento-labials, the reverse of labio-dentals, are articulated between the upper lip and the lower front teeth. These may include stops [p͆, b͆], nasal [m͆], and fricatives [f͆, v͆]. Labio-alveolars, which are common with speakers with excessive overbite for target labials and labio-dentals, are articulated between the lower lip and the alveolar ridge (e.g. [ p͇, b͇, m͇, f͇, v͇]). In clinical data, fricatives may be found with simultaneously median airflow over the center of the tongue and laterally (e.g. [I͜s, I͜z]), as well as fricatives with friction located within the nasal cavity (i.e. fricatives with nasal escape), [m͋, n͋, ŋ͋]. Also commonly cited are labio-dental stops [p, b] and the velopharyngeal fricative (more commonly known as the velopharyngeal snort) [fŋ]. The sounds cited above do not constitute an exhaustive list of possible atypical articulations found in disordered speech. For a more detailed account and complete diacritics, including transcription conventions for phonatory activities and connected speech modes, the reader is referred to Ball and Lowry (2001).