

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences

Clauses


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners

Direct and Indirect speech


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Nominalization
المؤلف:
PAUL R. KROEGER
المصدر:
Analyzing Grammar An Introduction
الجزء والصفحة:
P256-C13
2026-01-29
17
Nominalization
A noun derived from a verb is called a DEVERBAL NOUN. In addition to abstract deverbal nouns like those in (14), which refer to the event itself, many languages have nominalizers which name specific participants or aspects of the event: agent, patient, instrument, location, manner, cause, etc. Some of these are illustrated in the following examples.
Note that the Malay examples in (16) and (17) use the same prefix, peN-, but with different meanings. (The N- here represents a nasal sound which changes according to its environment, and may also trigger changes in the following consonant. It is not at all uncommon for languages to use the same nominalizer for agentive and instrumental nouns; this pattern is found in Dutch, English, French, Italian, and a number of Malayo-Polynesian languages, to name a few.12

The prefix peN-has another use as well. It can be added to a verbal or adjectival root to derive a noun naming a person or thing that is characterized by the property named by the root, as illustrated in (18).

Karo Batak (Malayo-Polynesian, northern Sumatra) has two different ways of deriving “object nominals” from verbs; that is, nominalizations that express the patient or product of the action named by the verb. The most productive of these is formed by adding a suffix-(e)n, as illustrated in (19a). With certain roots, however, an infix–in–is used(19b).13

As a final example of deverbal nominalization, example (20) shows how nouns which name the place of an event are derived in Karo Batak. Notice that two different “circumfixes” are used: peN-X-(e)n (mostly with transitive roots) vs. per-X-(e)n (within transitive roots).

12. Booij (1986).
13. The Karo Batak data is taken from Wollams (1996:81–83, 89–90).
14. A personal spirit, worshipped by animists, is believed to be carried on one’s head.
الاكثر قراءة في Nouns
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)