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المرجع الالكتروني للمعلوماتية

Grammar

Tenses

Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Parts Of Speech

Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns

Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs

Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs

Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective

Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns

Pre Position

Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition

Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions

Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences

Clauses

Part of Speech

Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners

Direct and Indirect speech

Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics

Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced

Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment

قم بتسجيل الدخول اولاً لكي يتسنى لك الاعجاب والتعليق.

Tok Pisin and English in contact

المؤلف:  Geoff P. Smith

المصدر:  A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology

الجزء والصفحة:  726-40

2024-04-29

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Tok Pisin and English in contact

Tok Pisin and English are now in fairly intensive contact for many Papua New Guineans, especially those who are growing up speaking Tok Pisin as a first or primary language and are receiving education through the medium of English. In principal, the education system is English-medium in most government educational institutions from grade one to the end of tertiary, but in practice, a fair amount of Tok Pisin may be used. Nevertheless, many young people grow up familiar with both languages.

 

In a situation such as this, the question is whether a post-creole continuum is likely to develop, as has happened in other societies such as Guyana and Jamaica. A number of researchers have given indications that a post-creole continuum may be developing or may already be in place, but Siegel (1997), reviewing the available evidence, shows that the current situation falls far short of an established continuum. Smith (2002) also reviews the evidence and comes to broadly the same conclusion. Nevertheless, there is a good deal of mutual influence between the two languages in Papua New Guinea today. Many young people familiar with English engage in code-switching, where discrete chunks of English are used in discourse, and code-mixing, where elements from English are mixed in. Many English verbs, for example, are incorporated into Tok Pisin and integrated by adding the transitivizing marker -im. In some cases the phonology of the English word is retained intact, while in other cases, there is adaptation to the phonology of Tok Pisin. The future extent and direction of this contact is not known at present. Much will depend on language and education policy decisions, but there is the distinct possibility that the two phonological systems may come to have an increasingly intimate relationship.

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