Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Clauses
Part of Speech
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Direct and Indirect speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
Simple clitics Bound words
المؤلف:
PAUL R. KROEGER
المصدر:
Analyzing Grammar An Introduction
الجزء والصفحة:
P320-C17
2026-02-12
22
+
-
20
Simple clitics
Bound words
Bound words are the most obvious kind of simple clitic: words which are phonologically bound (attached to a host), but otherwise behave like normal words. Bound words belong to one of the established lexical categories of the language, and generally have the same distribution and other syntactic properties as free words belonging to the same category. The Indonesian clitic pronouns provide a typical example.
Indonesian has two different kinds of personal pronouns, bound (i.e. clitic) and free. For simplicity, we will focus on the third person singular forms: the free pronoun dia and the enclitic=nya. The fact that=nya is phonologically bound to its host can be demonstrated by stress placement. Cohn (1989) states that primary stress in Standard Indonesian always occurs on the next-to-last syllable of the phonological word. This makes it easy to identify phonological word boundaries, since wherever we find a syllable that bears primary stress, we know that the next syllable must occur at the end of a phonological word. As Cohen demonstrates, primary stress must shift one syllable to the right when either a suffix (7d) or an enclitic (7c) is added.
Pronouns belong to the category NP, and can occur wherever NPs occur. The clitic pronouns occur in the same position as the free forms; in most contexts the two are freely interchangeable, as illustrated in (8–9), except that clitic pronouns cannot occur in subject position. Notice that the clitic pronoun =nya attaches to a variety of different hosts: nouns (7c), verbs (8b), prepositions (9b), etc. This pattern of “promiscuous attachment” is a strong indication that =nya is a clitic and not a suffix.
The English reduced auxiliary forms illustrated in (5) and (6) are frequently cited as examples of bound words. Again, these forms are largely interchangeable with equivalent free forms. The existence of a corresponding free form is not, however, a necessary property of bound words. For example, Roberts (1996) states that all the post-positions in Amele are clitics (bound words); there are no alternate free forms.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
