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المرجع الالكتروني للمعلوماتية

Grammar

Tenses

Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Parts Of Speech

Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns

Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs

Adverbs

Relative adverbs

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Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs

Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective

Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns

Pre Position

Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition

Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions

Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences

Clauses

Part of Speech

Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners

Direct and Indirect speech

Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

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pragmatics

History

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Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

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Reading Comprehension

Elementary

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Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment

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PRO (n.)

المؤلف:  David Crystal

المصدر:  A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics

الجزء والصفحة:  387-16

2023-11-01

1409

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PRO (n.)

A term used in GOVERNMENT-BINDING THEORY for a BASE-generated SUBJECT of certain INFINITIVES; known also as big PRO, to distinguish it from ‘little pro’. Within the GB classification of NOUN PHRASES, PRO is analyzed as both a PRONOMINAL and an ANAPHOR. It can be controlled by some NP within a sentence, or have arbitrary reference: the former possibility is illustrated by John tried PRO to please Mary, where PRO is controlled by John; and the latter by It is easy PRO to please Mary. Constructions with PRO are known as CONTROL constructions, and are to be distinguished from RAISING constructions. Some grammarians refer to both as CATENATIVE constructions. In GENERALIZED PHRASE-STRUCTURE GRAMMAR and LEXICAL FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR, control constructions involve a bare VP and not clauses with a PRO subject.

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