Consonants

Stops

P, T, K may be unaspirated in WSAfE (in some subvarieties), CFE and InSAfE (variably) and very commonly in IndE, PakE, SgE and PhlE. No such deaspiration is reported in StHE and the African varieties researched. T, D are retroflexed in IndE and PakE, and occasionally in InSAfE. Glottalising of syllable-final T is reported for GhE and to a lesser extent GhP. Final stops have glottalised variants in MalE. P is realized as [p], [f] or [ɸ] and B as [b] or [v] in northern NigE. T is realized as [ts] in some GhE varieties. St Helena B occurs as [ß] occasionally, in intervocalic position.