

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The WM dialect as a distinctive variety
المؤلف:
Urszula Clark
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
139-7
2024-02-27
1439
The WM dialect as a distinctive variety
Gugerell-Scharsach (1992) is an attempt to discover whether the Middle English WM dialect as defined by Moore, Meech and Whitehall (1935) can be traced in the SED material. Glauser (1997: 93) notes that Moore, Meech and Whitehall defined their WM dialect with the help of a single phonological feature, ME /o/ before nasals, locating it in a semicircular territory with the Welsh border as its diameter and reaching as far east as Derbyshire and Warwickshire. Glauser further notes that 19th-century evidence in favor of a single WM dialect is scanty, with Wright (1905) showing no east-west divide at all, Bonaparte (1875–1876) setting up an area similar to the ME one, and Ellis (1889) delimiting the WM with the aid of the criterion used by Moore Meech and Whitehall. Glauser says the SED still documents TRAP/BATH rounding before nasals in much the same area Moore, Meech and Whitehall did, but notes (1997: 95) that Gugerell-Scharsach finds herself able to identify (partially using phonological data) three main WM dialect areas from the SED data, namely a Staffordshire, a Shropshire and a Southern WM dialect. Of these, the dialects of the WM urban conurbation are likely to constitute the latter grouping.
Brook (1972: 68–69) claims that certain phonological features can indeed be taken to be characteristic of a WM (traditional) dialect area, the most important being:
(1) Retention of late ME
as WM
, where other dialects have
(e.g. in among, hang, sing, tongue);
(2) Rounding of ME /a/ and /o/ to WM
before nasal consonants, where other dialects have [a ~ æ] (the correlation highlighted by Moore, Meech and Whitehall 1935). However, Wakelin notes (1981: 164) that in parts of the WM, with great variation from word to word,
occurs in other positions also (e.g. rat, apples, latch); also Brook (1972: 68) points out that OE /a/ before nasals remained /a/ under non-heavy stress);
(3) OE /o/ tended to become ME /u/ before
.
Chinn and Thorne (2001: 22) propose that the WM accent once had much more in common with general Northern speech, but has been gradually pulled in the direction of prestige Southern variants.
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