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Date: 2024-08-06
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The basic distinctions of mood, reality status, modality, tense and aspect in English are set out in Table 2.2, together with illustrative examples involving the verb swim. Modal and semi-modal verbs, which express modalities within irrealis. Note that is -ing, often called ‘progressive’ or ‘continuous’, is here termed ‘imperfective’ (as opposed to -s, the ‘perfect- imperative mood, used in commands; base form of the verb: Swim! non-imperative mood, used in statements and questions: He has swum; Has he swum?
irrealis status, something which is uncertain in the future, or was unrealized in the past
nine modalities, expressed by modal and/or semi-modal verbs, for example, Prediction She will swim, Imminent activity She is about to swim
each may be further specified by perfective/imperfective and actual/ previous aspects; for example She will have been swimming
realis status, something which has reality in past, present or future time
generic tense: Ducks swim
future tense
established aspect: We swim in the race tomorrow
particular aspect: We’re swimming in the river tomorrow
present tense
actual perfective aspect: She swims
actual imperfective aspect: She is swimming
previous perfective aspect: She has swum
previous imperfective aspect: She has been swimming
past tense
actual perfective aspect: She swam
actual imperfective aspect: She was swimming
previous perfective aspect: She had swum
previous imperfective aspect: She had been swimming
ive’). The term ‘perfect’ has traditionally been used for has -en, but this does not accord with the general linguistic meaning of ‘perfect’—to describe ‘an action, etc. considered as a completed whole’. Has -en is here termed ‘previous’ aspect, as opposed to ‘actual’ aspect -s. The terms are justified—and the aspectual systems will be explained and illustrated.
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تفوقت في الاختبار على الجميع.. فاكهة "خارقة" في عالم التغذية
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أمين عام أوبك: النفط الخام والغاز الطبيعي "هبة من الله"
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قسم شؤون المعارف ينظم دورة عن آليات عمل الفهارس الفنية للموسوعات والكتب لملاكاته
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