Final comment

In the above examples, the relative and complement clauses are introduced by that, who and which. Relative and complement clauses often follow their head noun or verb directly, without a complementiser, as in (16).

The lack of a complementiser does not affect the rules of thumb. Example (16b) contains a verb complement clause, the road is blocked at Soutra Hill, which modifies reported; (16a) contains a relative clause, they cook in the halls of residence, modifying food; and (16c) contains a complement clause, they might demolish the Appleton Tower, modifying the noun idea.