Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Clauses
Part of Speech
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Direct and Indirect speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
The stem
المؤلف:
Mark Aronoff and Kirsten Fudeman
المصدر:
What is Morphology
الجزء والصفحة:
P149-C5
2026-04-11
53
+
-
20
The stem
Some examples of Kujamaat Jóola roots are given below:
Inflectional affixes may attach to a root, or the root can be extended by the addition of derivational affixes. The root plus derivational affixes is called a stem. You have already encountered one verbal derivation suffix, -u ‘from’. Five more are listed below, with examples:
We see in (4c) that the root buj ‘kill’ can be suffixed with the strong reflexive to form bujɔrɔ ‘kill one’s self’. If a speaker were to add the reflexive-descriptive suffix (4b) instead, the result is a verb with more idiosyncratic semantics, bujɔ ‘be wounded’. The difference between affixation of the reflexive and strong reflexive is not always so striking, however, as we see in (5):
The sometimes idiosyncratic meaning of verbs bearing the reflexive suffix reflects a major point, that the meanings of morphologically complex words are not always fully predictable from those of their parts. Through use in context, morphologically complex words may acquire lexicalized meanings and need to be listed in the lexicon. This must be true of bujɔ ‘be wounded’.
Evidence that both roots and the roots plus derivational affixes count as stems in Kujamaat Jóola verb morphology comes from the following observations:
The stem in Bantu languages (also in the Niger-Congo family) may also consist of a root plus derivational suffixes (Hyman 1993; Mchombo 1993). For example, Mchombo shows that the Chichewa verb stem plus derivational affixes functions as a unit in that it may be nominalized (but units larger than the verb stem may not), undergo reduplication, and be used as the bare imperative. Chichewa is similar to Kujamaat Jóola in these respects. In addition, the Chichewa verb stem serves as the domain for a phonological process, tense–lax vowel harmony.
الاكثر قراءة في Morphology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
