Derivation and Verbs in Kujamaat Jóola

Kujamaat Jóola, like many languages, exploits derivation and inflection to express a wide range of syntactic and semantic categories. What we would express in English as a sentence is often encompassed by a single Kujamaat Jóola verb, as in (1):

The core of (1) is a lexical root – bɔɲ ‘send’ – which provides the basic meaning of the verb. The rest of the meaning is conveyed by affixes on either side of the root. The first person plural inclusive subject is expressed by the circumfix u- … -al; the emphatic dubitive- incompletive by repetition of the dubitive-incompletive suffix - ε:n; the meaning ‘not yet’ by ɔrut; and the third person singular object by - ɔ. With the exception of the circumfixal subject marker, the relationship between meaning and form is one to one: the meaning of the word as a whole is the sum of its parts. Linguists refer to this type of morphology as agglutinative.

One characteristic of agglutinative morphology, identified by Horne (1966), is that affixation is not obligatory. We see this in Kujamaat Jóola in that a bare root is used for the positive imperative:

The order of morphemes in any language is typically fairly rigid, and Kujamaat Jóola is no exception. The following diagram schematizes the basic structure of the verb. At its core is the lexical stem, which may be simple or derived. The stem is followed by what Sapir refers to as position 1 suffixes, including aspectual, modal, and negative markers, as well as a derivational directional suffix and the second members of the past subordinate and first person plural inclusive circumfixes. Position 1 suffixes are followed by the position 2 suffixes: the passive marker, object pronominals (direct, indirect, or both), and noun emphasis marker. Finally, the third position is filled by verb reduplication and the simple subordinate marker. Immediately preceding the verb stem are the subject markers and relative pronouns (position 1 prefixes); the left-most position (position 2) is filled by the resultative, the resultative negative, the negative imperative, and the past subordinate markers. Many of these terms are probably new to you.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

وفد من قسم الشؤون الطبية يبحث مع دائرة صحة كربلاء تعزيز التعاون في المجال الصحي

مؤسسة الوافي تنهي استعداداتها للمشاركة في مهرجان تعزيز الذاكرة بجامعة الكوفة

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر الطبعة الثانية من دليل نفائس مخطوطات العتبة العباسية المقدسة

ضمن برنامج بالقرآن نحيا.. المجمع العلمي ينظّم محاضرة قرآنية في كربلاء

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

الشاشات ليست مجرد ترفيه.. تأثيرات طويلة المدى على دماغ طفلك

الأسباب الرئيسية لنقص الطاقة في الجسم

الكاكاو وتأثيره على العين.. نتائج واعدة من تجارب مخبرية

طبيب يحذر: أطعمة شائعة الاستهلاك أخطر على صحتنا من التدخين

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

باحثون في "نيويورك أبوظبي" يطورون تقنيات لرصد وعلاج الأورام

جيتكس إفريقيا.. المغرب يجمع "رواد التكنولوجيا" من 103 دول

طاقم أرتميس 2 يحطم رقما قياسيا ويستعرض الجانب البعيد للقمر

"أرتيميس 2" تنطلق حول القمر وتحطم الرقم القياسي

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Exponence

What is Inflection?

Inflection

The stem

Derivation and Semantics Summary

More on the semantics of affixation: English agent nouns in -er

The semantics of zero-derivation

The semantics of affixation

The Semantics of Derived Lexemes

The Polysemy Problem

Derivation and Semantics

Derivation in Kujamaat Jóola