The Airplane
المؤلف:
GEORGE A. HOADLEY
المصدر:
ESSENTIALS OF PHYSICS
الجزء والصفحة:
p-168
2025-11-11
32
The Aeroplan or airplane is a heavier-than-air machine which is lifted by the thrust of the air upon the under sides of its planes when they are driven through it at high speed. This speed is secured by the push of a light screw propeller that rotates very rapidly, being driven by a special form of gasoline engine. The four main parts of an airplane are: (1) the principal planes, wings, or glider unit; (2) the body unit; (3) the tail unit; (4) the undercarriage or chassis.
Airplanes are monoplanes, biplanes, or triplanes, dependent upon the number of principal planes. The ailerons, or wing flaps, are usually placed at each wing tip and are used to stabilize the airplane and to bank or tip it out of the horizontal position in turning.
The body of the airplane contains the engine, fuel, pilot, passengers, and load. If the airplane is of the tractor type, having its propeller in front, the body is extended backward to support the tail planes and is called the fuselage.
FIG.2.
The tail unit consists of both horizontal and vertical planes. These are movable and are under the control of the pilot. They serve both to stabilize the airplane and to control the direction of its flight. A change in the position of the horizontal tail plane changes the altitude of the airplane by pointing its nose upward or downward, while a change in the position of the vertical tail plane changes its line of flight either to the right or to the left.
The undercarriage, or chassis, usually consists of one or more pairs of wheels in front and a skid in the rear. These are used for running over the surface of the ground at the beginning of a flight until enough speed is attained to enable the plane to rise into the air; they are also used in landing at the end of a flight.
Fig.4.
In seaplanes (Fig. 1) the wheels and skids are replaced by floats that help to support the body of the plane above the surface of the water. Figure 3 shows a number of the most useful instruments used by the pilot of an airplane.
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