Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
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Elementary
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Teaching Strategies
Assessment
PARALLEL PROCESSING
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P201
2025-09-23
21
+
-
20
PARALLEL PROCESSING
A model of language production and perception where the user operates at several different levels of representation (sounds, words, semantics, syntax) at the same time.
It is easy to assume that processing is serial, with a listener, for example, first assembling phonemes into a word, then accessing the word’s meaning and then fitting the word into a developing syntactic structure. However, current evidence suggests that the listener begins to process the message about 0.2 seconds (roughly the length of a syllable) after the speaker starts speaking. This would seem to favour a system in which all levels of processing are operative simultaneously (in parallel). Similar evidence for reading suggests that a written word is also processed at several different levels at the same time: letter features (lines and curves), letters, order of letters, whole word.
Many parallel processing models are interactive. Each level of processing communicates with those above and below it to produce evidence which supports or rules out a particular interpretation. However, parallel processing is not necessarily incompatible with a modular system. In such a system, each level has to complete its processing operation before passing on the outcome to the level above; but this does not exclude the possibility of all levels being active simultaneously.
The distinction between serial and parallel processing is relevant to models of lexical access. Serial models of access (e.g. Forster’s search model) assume that we work through lexical entries in turn until we find a match for a word in the stimulus. In parallel models such as Morton’s logogen system, potential word matches are represented as being in competition with each other: evidence builds up for and against each candidate until a correct match is made.
See also: Lexical access, Search model
Further reading: Forster (1990); Jackendoff (1987: Chap. 6)
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
