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Grammar

Tenses

Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Parts Of Speech

Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns

Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

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To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs

Adverbs

Relative adverbs

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Adverbs of time

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Adverbs of quantity

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Adverbs

Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

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Pronouns

Subject pronoun

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Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

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Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns

Pre Position

Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition

Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions

Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences

Clauses

Part of Speech

Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners

Direct and Indirect speech

Linguistics

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Vowel systems STRUT

المؤلف:  Norval Smith and Vinije Haabo

المصدر:  A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology

الجزء والصفحة:  533-31

2024-04-15

1517

+

-

20

Vowel systems STRUT

STRUT words with ME /ǔ/ which developed to EModE /Λ/ are represented in Suriname creoles by English words like cut, jug, run, love, rub, money, enough, country, etc. The main realization of this set of words is with /o, ɔ/.

 

It is fairly clear that there must have been a Proto-Suriname-Creole vowel phoneme /*Λ/ which could be responsible for these /o, ɔ/-reflexes. We claim this because of the usual distribution of the anaptyctic vowels, which is different from other items with mid rounded organic vowels:

 

Table 8. The STRUT set

A minority of words that belong to this incidence set in RP and AmE have the phoneme /a/ in the Suriname creoles.

 

Table 9. STRUT words with /a/

The causation of this /a/-variant is not obvious. Possibly this is supportive of the hypothetical Proto-Suriname-Creole vowel phoneme /*Λ/ referred to above.

Another group of deviant items in the Suriname creoles go together with the FOOT set of words and will be dealt with there.

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