Consonants

The most distinctive Tobagonian consonant sound is ///. It may be heard in the pronunciation of words like [ʔows] ‘house’, [ʔow] ‘how’, and [sooʔm] ‘something’. In addition, the word-initial consonants [h], [b], [d], [g] and [y] are most usually dropped in basilectal Tobagonian speech. In the speech of some speakers, the h- is absent from all English words containing it—a phenomenon that is not unusual in speakers of a range of non-standard English dialects across the world. Examples of content words with this form are: home > ome, house > ouse, hot > at, hat > at, hit > it, hoe > oe, hand > an(d). The h- is absent from monosyllabic words, and the stressed syllable of non-monosyllabic words such as appy. For function words we find the unstressed-stressed pronoun pair hi-hii > i ‘he/his’ and ii ‘he/him/his’, and huu > uu ‘who’, which may occur as an interrogative pronoun, relative pronoun, or clause intensifier.

 

Syllable structure differs in Tobagonian from both Trinidadian and StE in that, word initially, there is only a single sound produced rather than a cluster; hence we find: [fr-]> [f-]. In adult speech, this feature is limited to from > fom/fam, which is the only function word in English that starts with the cluster [fr-].

 

Whereas /s/ can be the first of up to three consonants at the onset of a word in English, in basilectal Tobagonian speech it may be dropped, for example, from words like skin, squeeze, smell, spit, and start (> kin, kweeze, mell, pit, and tart). [s-] is not dropped when it combines with the liquids and semi-vowels [r], [l], [w], and [y].

 

In even the most acrolectal speech in Tobagonian (but not in Trinidadian), the single-initial consonants b and p are lengthened by the addition of bilabial [w] to become [bw-] and [pw-] before the diphthong [oi] in a small group of words that include boy > bwoi, boil > bwoil, boycott > bwoicott, spoil > spwoil, and poison > pwoison.

 

The shift from [v] to [b] recorded variably for Trinidadian also occurs in basilectal Tobagonian. It is found in words like the following: crave > crabe, love > lob, governor > gobna, and heavy > (h)eaby. As the list suggests, it occurs wherever the [v] may occur in a word. The shift does not seem to be motivated by any special phonological conditioning. When a fricative gives way to a plosive there is a change in lip movement which historically was important for registering negative emotions visibly.

 

The cluster [-lf] is reduced to [-f] in the grammatical word self as the latter compounds with pronouns, even, and adverbs of place and time.

 

Basilectal Tobagonian speech also evidences the dropping of final single-consonants especially the nasal ones, from grammatical words.

 

In the second syllable of words, and intervocalically, [t] is replaced by [k] and [d] by [g]. The effects are seen in the following words: little > likku, bottle > bokku, riddle > riggu, middle > miggu, handle > ha [ŋ] gu, gentlemen > jenkumen. Voiceless [t] becomes voiceless [k], and voiced [d] becomes voiced [g]. The movement from front to back consonants seems motivated by the back vowel [-u], with which syllabic [l] is produced. This change may also be heard in some mesolectal Trinidadian speech.

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Consonants Stops

Assimilations

Aspiration

English Consonants Stops

Minimal pairs and sets

The Northern Cities Shift

Feature geometry

Bukusu: nasal+consonant combinations

Phones and allophones

The Sonority Sequencing Generalization

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Allophony in other languages

Standard lexical sets

Major class features

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مواضيع ذات صلة

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Metathesis

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