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Grammar

Tenses

Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Parts Of Speech

Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns

Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs

Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs

Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective

Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns

Pre Position

Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition

Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions

Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences

Clauses

Part of Speech

Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners

Direct and Indirect speech

Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics

Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced

Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment

قم بتسجيل الدخول اولاً لكي يتسنى لك الاعجاب والتعليق.

Monophthongs and diphthongs

المؤلف:  Otto Santa Ana and Robert Bayley

المصدر:  A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology

الجزء والصفحة:  420-25

2024-04-03

1449

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20

Monophthongs and diphthongs

ChcE tends to be monophthongal, particularly its high vowels, /i, u/ (Santa Ana 1991: 155). This contrasts with the typically diphthongal other AmE dialects. Santa Ana, whose work involved impressionistic transcription as well as spectrographic measurements of naturally occurring speech gathered in sociolinguistic interviews, noted more off-glides in ChcE mid vowel pronunciation. He sampled the speech of four U.S.-born Los Angeles residents who represented different generations of speakers, as well as a narrative of the previously-mentioned young male immigrant ELL.

 

Later studies have corroborated many of Santa Ana’s findings. Fought (1997, 2003), for example, found that high vowels, /e, ʊ/ , were articulated with fewer and shorter off-glides. According to Fought, Chicanos articulated /aɪ/ with no loss of glide, but seemed to employ a higher tongue-height (lower F1) nucleus. Fought also found that /aʊ/ is most often pronounced with the Euro-American off-glide, but older speakers articulated a glide-less [a], as in counselor. The monophthongal quality of ChcE vowels is most distinguished in exclamations, such as Ah!, Oh!, or in emphasized final syllables of vowel-final words, such as the underscored syllables in “I do, too, live in East L.A.!” ChcE speakers often pronounce sustained duration syllables with minimal off-gliding, no matter how long the segment is prolonged.

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