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Pronouns
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Indefinite pronoun
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Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
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Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
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Conjunctive adverbs
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Express calling interjection
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wishes
Be used to
Some and any
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Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
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Reported speech
Linguistics
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pragmatics
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Waveforms
المؤلف:
Richard Ogden
المصدر:
An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
30-3
11-6-2022
933
+
-
20
Waveforms
Waveforms are a kind of graph. Graphs have an x-axis, which runs horizontally, and a y-axis, which runs vertically. In waveforms of speech, the x-axis represents time and is usually scaled in seconds or milliseconds, while the y-axis shows (to simplify a great deal) amplitude, a representation of loudness.
Figure 3.1 shows a waveform of a vowel. On the x-axis, time is marked at 0.1 second (or 100 ms) intervals. On the y-axis, there is a line marked 0 (the zero crossing) which goes through the waveform. The bigger the displacement from this line, the louder the sound is. The beginning and end of this waveform have no displacement from the zero crossing line, so the recording begins and ends with a period of silence. The sound starts just before 0.1 s into the recording, and is loudest around 0.2 s. From a little after 0.2 s to around 0.45 s, the sound gets quieter: or, a little more technically, the amplitude decreases. By about 0.45 s, the signal has died away.
With a little experience and practice, various other kinds of sound are also evident in waveforms. We will look at these after we have considered spectrograms.
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(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
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قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
