Methane and chlorine

If a mixture of methane and chlorine is exposed to a flame, it explodes - producing carbon and hydrogen chloride. This is not a very useful reaction! The reaction we are going to explore is a more gentle one between methane and chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light - typically sunlight. This is a good example of a photochemical reaction - a reaction brought about by light.

The organic product is chloromethane. One of the hydrogen atoms in the methane has been replaced by a chlorine atom, so this is a substitution reaction. However, the reaction doesn't stop there, and all the hydrogens in the methane can in turn be replaced by chlorine atoms. Multiple substitution is dealt with on a separate page, and you will find a link to that at the bottom of this page.

Substitution reactions happen in which hydrogen atoms in the methane are replaced one at a time by chlorine atoms. You end up with a mixture of chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane.

The original mixture of a colorless and a green gas would produce steamy fumes of hydrogen chloride and a mist of organic liquids. All of the organic products are liquid at room temperature with the exception of the chloromethane which is a gas.

If you were using bromine, you could either mix methane with bromine vapor, or bubble the methane through liquid bromine - in either case, exposed to UV light. The original mixture of gases would, of course, be red-brown rather than green.

You wouldn't choose to use these reactions as a means of preparing these organic compounds in the lab because the mixture of products would be too tedious to separate. The mechanisms for the reactions are explained on separate pages.

Alkanes (the most basic of all organic compounds) undergo very few reactions. One of these reactions is halogenation, or the substitution of a single hydrogen on the alkane for a single halogen to form a haloalkane. This reaction is very important in organic chemistry because it opens a gateway to further chemical reactions.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

قسم الشعائر يواصل تحضيراته لتنظيم عمل المواكب الحسينية في زيارة الأربعين

قسم شؤون المعارف يناقش تحضيرات المؤتمر العلمي الأول لمركز تراث البصرة

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يقيم دورة تطويرية لملاكات هيأة المساءلة والعدالة في الأرشفة الإلكترونية

المجمع العلمي ينظم مجلس عزاء في قضاء الهندية

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

نصائح عملية للحد من التعرق المفرط في الصيف

أطباء يحذرون: مكمل غذائي شائع قد يدمر الجهاز العصبي

تحذير طبي من تأثير جانبي "غير متوقع" لحقن التخسيس

حمامات الثلج قد تكون خطيرة وأحيانا مميتة.. ما السبب؟

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

أكبر جدارية شمسية في العالم تدخل موسوعة غينيس.. مشروع ضخم

تسارع دوران الأرض يثير القلق.. وتحذيرات من "كوارث محتملة" ؟

"سوذبيز" تطرح أكبر قطعة من المريخ على الأرض في مزاد علني

أوبن أيه آي تعتزم إطلاق متصفح إنترنت يعمل بالذكاء الاصطناعي

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Aziridine: ring strain promotes ring opening

Reactions of saturated heterocycles

More heteroatoms in fused rings mean more choice in synthesis

Quinolones also come from anilines by cyclization to an ortho position

Quinolines and isoquinolines

Pyrimidines can be made from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and amidines

Pyrazoles and pyridazines from hydrazine and dicarbonyl compounds

Thermodynamics is on our side

There are thousands more heterocycles out there

Fusing rings to pyridines: quinolines and isoquinolines

Putting more nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring

Benzo-fused heterocycles-Indoles are benzo-fused pyrroles