Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
Elements
المؤلف:
Vyvyan Evans and Melanie Green
المصدر:
Cognitive Linguistics an Introduction
الجزء والصفحة:
C11-P371
2026-01-19
45
+
-
20
Elements
Mental spaces are temporary conceptual domains constructed during ongoing discourse. These spaces contain elements, which are either entities constructed on-line or pre-existing entities in the conceptual system. The linguistic expressions that represent elements are noun phrases (NPs). These include linguistic expressions like names (Fred, Elvis, Madonna, Elizabeth Windsor, Tony Blair, James Bond), descriptions (the Queen, the Prime Minister, a green emerald, a Whitehouse intern, an African elephant), and pronouns (she, he, they, it).
NPs can have a definite interpretation or an indefinite interpretation. Briefly, NPs that have a definite interpretation include those that occur with the definite article the, (the sleepy koala) and names (Margaret Thatcher, James Bond). NPs that have indefinite interpretation include those occurring with the indefinite article a (a sleepy koala) and ‘bare plurals’ (koalas). NPs with indefinite interpretation typically introduce new elements into the discourse: elements that are unfamiliar or have not already been mentioned in the conversation (I’ve bought a new sofa!). NPs with definite interpretation are said to function in the presuppositional mode, because they presuppose existing knowledge. This means that they refer to elements that are already accessible: elements familiar to speaker and hearer, or already part of the conversation (The new sofa clashes with the curtains). In Mental Spaces Theory, elements introduced in the presuppositional mode are said to be propagated, which means that they spread to neighbouring spaces. This process of propagation is governed by the Optimisation Principle. This principle allows elements, together with their properties and relations, to spread through the network or lattice of mental spaces, unless the information being propagated is explicitly contradicted by some new information that emerges as the discourse proceeds. This principle enables mental space configurations to build complex structures with a minimum of explicit instructions.
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
