Transmission of HPV occurs mainly by skin-skin or mucosa-mucosa contact. Near 40% of young women have evidence of HPV infection, with peaks during the teens and early twenties as shown by various cross sectional and longitudinal studies. Multiple sexual partner increases the risk of acquiring HPV infection and so as the risk of HPV associated malignancy. Monogamous individual may get the virus from the infected partner. The probability of acquiring HPV infection per sexual act has been shown to be high with no difference between HPV types.

Majority of HPV types cause benign warts on the skin or genital region, whereas some HPV types can cause various types of cancer. Alpha-papillomaviruses are categorized as high-risk or low-risk according to the likelihood of development of cancer by that HPV type.

HPV has been attributed as the causative agent for almost all cervical cancer cases, which is the second most common cancer among women. The time taken from HPV infection to development of cervical cancer is more than two decades. Persistent carriers of oncogenic HPV types are at higher risk of developing cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is mostly detected around fifth and sixth decades of life among women in developed country, which occurs almost a decade earlier in developing countries.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer has labelled HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59 as carcinogenic in the uterine cervix. HPV-16 has been found as the causative agent of cervical cancers in 50% cases. HPV-16 and HPV-18 combinedly associated in 70% of cervical squamous cell carcinomas and 85% of cervical adenocarcinomas. Oncogenic HPV types other than HPV-16 and HPV-18 have been associated with the remaining 30% of cervical cancers.

Table 1 depicts the common malignant and non-malignant diseases associated with HPVs.

Table1. Malignant and non-malignant diseases associated with HPVs

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Pathogenesis of Human Papillomavirus

Clinical Syndromes of EBV

EBV Life Cycle

Epstein–Barr virus

Treatment of Cytomegalovirus

Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus

Clinical Manifestations of Cytomegalovirus

The Viral Genome

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Viral Pathogenesis

VIRUSES

Human Cytomegalovirus