When lambda infects a cell and proceeds down the lysogenic pathway, ultimately it must integrate stably into the chromosome. If both Int and Xis proteins are synthesized, the phage DNA would repeatedly integrate and then excise from the chromosome until these proteins have been diluted away by growth or have become inactive. What ensures that the last event is integration rather than excision? The phage utilizes two mechanisms to maximize the probability that integration activity pre dominates under these conditions. One is the preferential synthesis of Int protein via the pI promoter which is activated by CII protein. The second is for Xis protein to be less stable than Int. Weisberg and Gottesman used the att2 phage to simplify testing this hypothesis with an in vivo assay of the stability of Int and Xis proteins.

The test used a lysogen of λCI857 briefly heat-pulsed to denature the thermolabile repressor and induce a burst of Int and Xis protein syn thesis. The repressor then renatured, and the phage-encoded protein synthesis stopped. At times thereafter, portions of the culture were additionally infected with λimm²¹att²xis^- or λimm²¹att²int^-. Recall that an excision-type of reaction on λatt² removes the extra bacterial DNA from the phage. At early times after the heat pulsing, the Int and Xis protein already present from the first phage complemented the int or xis defect of the att2 and catalyzed the excision reaction to produce the smaller single att λimm²¹ from the λimm²¹att². At later times, however, the Int or Xis synthesized by the first phage had decayed, and therefore fewer wild-type λimm²¹ were produced (Fig. 1). Simply infecting at various times after the heat pulse and assaying for the number of non-att² lambda that were produced in the resulting phage burst allowed the kinetics of decay of the Int and Xis protein to be measured. The half-life of Int was greater than an hour, whereas the half-life of Xis was less than half an hour.

Fig1. The fraction of λimm²¹att²int^- or xis- as a function of time that is converted to λimm²¹ by the Int and Xis proteins induced at zero time.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Discovery of Tn Elements

Structure and Properties of IS Elements

IS Elements in Bacteria

Holliday Structures and Branch Migration in Integration

Structure of the Intasome

In vitro Assay of Integration and Excision

Inhibition By a Downstream Element

The Protein Kinase Domain

Posttranslational Modifications

The Double att Phage, att2

Transducing Phage Carrying Genes Other than gal and bio

Incorrect Excision and gal and bio Transducing Phage