In bacteria, the protein elongation rate is about 16 amino acids per second. This means the ribosomes are moving about 48 nucleotides per second along the messenger RNA. This value is very close to the corresponding transcription rate of 50 to 60 bases per second. Therefore once a ribosome begins translation it can keep up with the transcribing RNA polymerase. In several of the better-studied operons, the rate of ribosome attachment is sufficiently fast that the ribosomes are rather closely spaced on the messenger, with about 100 Å of free space between ribosomes. In other operons, however, the spacing is greater.

How can the in vivo rate of protein elongation be measured?. Unfortunately, no adequate inhibitors of protein initiation analogous to rifamycin are known, and slightly more complicated experiments must be done. The most general method for rate measurement uses an idea originally developed for measurement of RNA elongation rates before rifamycin was available.

Consider an experiment in which a radioactive amino acid is added to a culture of growing cells (Fig. 1). Let us focus our attention on a class of protein of one particular size and consider intervals that are short compared with the cell doubling time. The number of polypeptide chains in the size class completed after the addition of radioactive label is proportional to the time of labeling, n α t.

Fig1. Synthesis of a protein by ribosomes traversing a messenger. Ribosomes initiate at the 5’ end of the messenger, and the protein is completed and released at the 3’ end. Addition of radioactive amino acids pro duces partially labeled polypeptides, indicated by the stars, and a completed protein with radioactive amino acids near its carboxy terminus. Longer labeling intervals lead to longer radioactive regions until radioactive amino acids have been present for the length of time, T, required to synthesize the complete protein. After this time all released polypeptides are labeled over their entire lengths.

Also, for labeling intervals shorter than the time required to synthesize this size of polypeptide chain from one end to the other, the average amount of label incorporated into each chain is proportional to the time that label has been present. Hence during this early period, the total amount of radioactivity in the particular size class increases in proportion to the number of chains released multiplied by their average radioactivity. Both of these are proportional to the time of labeling, t. Thus the radioactivity in the particular size class of protein increases in proportion to t².

After label has been present for the length of time, T, necessary to synthesize completely the polypeptide, the radioactivity per completed peptide chain can no longer increase. After this time, the radioactivity in the particular polypeptide size class can only increase in proportion to the number of chains completed. That is, the radioactivity now increases in proportion to t.

For experimental quantitation, it is convenient to compare the radio activity in a particular size class of polypeptide to the total radioactivity in all sizes of polypeptide. The total amount of radioactivity in all size classes of polypeptide must increase in proportion to the time of labeling, t. Therefore the fraction of radioactivity in a particular size class of protein increases in proportion to t until the radioactive label has been present long enough for the entire length of the protein to become radioactively labeled. Thereafter, the fraction of label in the size class remains constant (Fig. 2). Hence, determining the transition time from linear increase to being constant provides the synthesis time for the particular size class of polypeptide.

Fig2. The fraction of radioactivity in one size class of polypeptide. The time required to synthesize this peptide is T.

The experimental protocol for performing the elongation rate measurement is simply to add a radioactive amino acid to a growing culture of cells. At intervals thereafter, samples are withdrawn and the protein

from the entire sample is denatured with sodium dodecyl sulfate and electrophoresed on a polyacrylamide gel. This provides the requisite size separation of the polypeptides as described in Chapter 4. The results found in E. coli and other bacteria are that the protein elongation rate is about 16 amino acids per second when cells are growing at 37°. This value is independent of the length of the polypeptide chain. A similar value is found by measuring the time until the appearance of N-terminal label in free completed β-galactosidase or by measuring the induction kinetics of enzymatically active β-galactosidase.

مواضيع ذات صلة

RNA Granules and Membraneless Organelles

RNA Interference

Balancing Synthesis of Ribosomal Components

Regulation of Ribosome Synthesis

Proportionality of Ribosome Levels and Growth Rates

The Signal Recognition Particle and Translocation

Verifying the Signal Peptide Model

Directing Proteins to Specific Cellular Sites

Messenger Instability

موقع الانتساخ ومتطلباته

Resolution of a Paradox in Protein Synthesis

Chaperones and Catalyzed Protein Folding