Normal Vector
المؤلف:
Gray, A
المصدر:
"Tangent and Normal Lines to Plane Curves." §5.5 in Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
الجزء والصفحة:
...
29-9-2018
2589
Normal Vector

The normal vector, often simply called the "normal," to a surface is a vector which is perpendicular to the surface at a given point. When normals are considered on closed surfaces, the inward-pointing normal (pointing towards the interior of the surface) and outward-pointing normal are usually distinguished.
The unit vector obtained by normalizing the normal vector (i.e., dividing a nonzero normal vector by its vector norm) is the unit normal vector, often known simply as the "unit normal." Care should be taken to not confuse the terms "vector norm" (length of vector), "normal vector" (perpendicular vector) and "normalized vector" (unit-length vector).
The normal vector is commonly denoted
or
, with a hat sometimes (but not always) added (i.e.,
and
) to explicitly indicate a unit normal vector.
The normal vector at a point
on a surface
is given by
![N=[f_x(x_0,y_0); f_y(x_0,y_0); -1],](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation1.gif) |
(1)
|
where
and
are partial derivatives.
A normal vector to a plane specified by
 |
(2)
|
is given by
![N=del f=[a; b; c],](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation3.gif) |
(3)
|
where
denotes the gradient. The equation of a plane with normal vector
passing through the point
is given by
![[a; b; c]·[x-x_0; y-y_0; z-z_0]=a(x-x_0)+b(y-y_0)+c(z-z_0)=0.](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation4.gif) |
(4)
|
For a plane curve, the unit normal vector can be defined by
 |
(5)
|
where
is the unit tangent vector and
is the polar angle. Given a unit tangent vector
 |
(6)
|
with
, the normal is
 |
(7)
|
For a plane curve given parametrically, the normal vector relative to the point
is given by
To actually place the vector normal to the curve, it must be displaced by
.
For a space curve, the unit normal is given by
where
is the tangent vector,
is the arc length, and
is the curvature. It is also given by
 |
(13)
|
where
is the binormal vector (Gray 1997, p. 192).
For a surface with parametrization
, the normal vector is given by
 |
(14)
|
Given a three-dimensional surface defined implicitly by
,
 |
(15)
|
If the surface is defined parametrically in the form
define the vectors
![a=[x_phi; y_phi; z_phi]](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation11.gif) |
(19)
|
![b=[x_psi; y_psi; z_psi].](http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/NormalVector/NumberedEquation12.gif) |
(20)
|
Then the unit normal vector is
 |
(21)
|
Let
be the discriminant of the metric tensor. Then
 |
(22)
|
REFERENCES:
Gray, A. "Tangent and Normal Lines to Plane Curves." §5.5 in Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 108-111, 1997.
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