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Date: 23-3-2017
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Date: 8-3-2019
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Date: 21-1-2018
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Chloramine and hydroxylamine
The reactions of NH3 and Cl2 (diluted with N2) or aqueous NaOCl yield chloramine the compound responsible for the odour of water containing nitrogenous matter that has been sterilized with Cl2. Chloramine is unstable, and violently explosive, and is usually handled in dilute solutions (e.g. in H2O or Et2O). Its reaction with Me2NH yields the rocket fuel 1,1-dimethylhydrazine.
Reaction below is one of several routes to hydroxylamine, NH2OH, which is usually handled as a salt (e.g. the sulfate) or in aqueous solution. The free base can be obtained from its salts by treatment with NaOMe in MeOH.
Pure NH2OH forms white, hygroscopic crystals which melt at 306K and explode at higher temperatures. It is a weaker base than NH3 or N2H4. Many of its reactions arise from the great variety of redox reactions in which it takes part in aqueous solution, e.g. it reduces Fe(III) in acidic solution but oxidizes Fe(II) in the presence of alkali .
More powerful oxidizing agents (e.g. [BrO3]-) oxidize NH2OH to HNO3. The formation of N2O in most oxidations of NH2OH is an interesting example of the triumph of kinetic over thermodynamic factors. Consideration of the potential diagram in Figure 1.2 shows that, on thermodynamic grounds, the expected product from the action of weak oxidizing agents on
[NH3OH] (i.e. NH2OH in acidic solution) would be N2, but it seems that the reaction occurs by steps below. A use of NH2OH is as an antioxidant in photographic developers.
Figure 1.2 also shows that, at pH= 0, [NH3OH] is unstable with respect to disproportionation into N2 and [NH4] or [N2H5]; in fact, hydroxylamine does slowly decompose to N2 and NH3.
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أمين عام أوبك: النفط الخام والغاز الطبيعي "هبة من الله"
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قسم شؤون المعارف ينظم دورة عن آليات عمل الفهارس الفنية للموسوعات والكتب لملاكاته
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