Died: 4 August 1906 in Munich, Germany

Joseph Tilly was a military man and became a lieutenant in the artillery. Although he undertook deep mathematical research, he certainly did not do this as part of his military duties, although he did teach mathematics as part of these duties. In 1858 he was assigned to teach a mathematics course at the regimental school and it was from this time on that he undertook research into geometry. Of course he was not in position to have contacts with other mathematicians and for a long period he was completely out of touch with modern developments in geometry which were in fact highly relevant to the research he was undertaking.

Tilly studied the principles of geometry, Euclid's fifth postulate and non-euclidean geometry without being aware that this had become a major topic of interest. In 1860 he achieved results similar to those of Lobachevsky in his paper Recherches sur les éléments de géométrie but at this stage he had not heard about Lobachevsky. It was only in 1866 that he learnt about the work of the famous Russian mathematician on non-euclidean geometry, then in 1870 Tilly published a work Études de méchanique abstraite on Lobachevsky space. In this work Tilly was the first to study non-euclidean mechanics, a topic he essentially invented (see [2] for details of his contributions to the link between geometry and "physical theories"). He corresponded with Jules Hoüel, the only French mathematician interested in these topics at that time, only after the publication of his 1870 paper which had led Hoüel to realise that here was a mathematician producing results of great interest to him yet unknown by mathematicians working in the universities. Until this point Tilly had worked in isolation and it is certainly worth emphasising just how much harder this had made his research.

In [4] Semenets examines some aspects of the researches on the foundations of geometry in the second half of the nineteenth century, in particular looking at axiomatic systems proposed by Tilly in his Essai sur les principes fondamentaux de la géométrie et de la méchanique (1878) [1]:-

Tilly established the Riemannian. Lobachevskian, and Euclidean geometries on the concept of the distance between two points. In his formulation these geometries were based, respectively, on one, two, and three necessary and sufficient, irreducible axioms.

The culmination of Tilly's work on geometries was the important Essai de géométrie analytique générale (1892) in which he showed that [1]:-

... geometry was the mathematical physics of distances.

He also wrote on military science and the history of mathematics in Belgium. He made an important historical contribution by writing a history of the first hundred years of the Royal Belgium Academy of Science (Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux Arts). He undertook this during a period in his career during which he was under extreme pressure, being both director of the arsenal at Antwerp and director of studies at the École Militaire. It was also made more difficult by the fact that Tilly did not have easy access to library material which is so necessary in order to write an authoritative historical work.

There were complaints that Tilly had unduly emphasised the scientific education of future officers at the École Militaire. An inspector at the military school declared that Tilly was not allowed to use differentials, and that he must cease immediately from any mention of the infinitely small. Tilly must have carried on with his methods of teaching calculus despite these warnings and as a consequence he was dismissed from his post and forced into early retirement in August 1900.

1. J Pelseneer, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904331.html

Articles:

1. S Cicenia and A Drago, Non-Euclidean geometries as physical theories (Italian), in Conference on the History of Mathematics (Italian), Cetraro, 1988 (EditEl, Rende, 1991), 57-75.
2. P Mansion, Joseph Marie de Tilly, Annuaire de l'Académie royale de Belgique 80 (1914), 203-285.
3. G I Semenets, Some problems in the development of the axiomatic method in geometric investigations in the nineteenth century (Ukrainian), Narisi Istor. Prirodoznav. i Tekhn. No. 32 (1986), 3-10; 90.