Grammar
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Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
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Past Perfect
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Singular and Plural nouns
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Nouns gender
Nouns definition
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Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
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Transitive and intransitive verbs
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Regular and irregular verbs
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Adverbs
Relative adverbs
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Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
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Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
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Linguistics fields
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pragmatics
History
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The Flint recordings
المؤلف:
John Ingram and Peter Mühlhäusler
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
788-43
2024-05-04
1017
The Flint recordings
The 17 tape recorded dialogues were obtained under conditions stimulating customary Norfuk usage, i.e. two or sometimes more informants, with no interviewer present, engaged in a semi-spontaneous conversation on topics that would be expected to elicit Norfuk vernacular usage. The dialogues were partly scripted, but largely spontaneous. The conversations obtained were, for the most part, natural sounding, expressive, and seemingly unselfconscious.
Flint produced two transcriptions of each dialogue with the assistance of the informants, directly following the recording session: an H(igh register) form, English translation, and a broad phonetic transcription of the actual speech in the Norfuk L(ow register) form. The phonetic transcription was obviously allophonic, rather than phonemic, but it was informed by Flint’s extensive knowledge of Norfolk Island and Pitcairn vernaculars.
Some analysis of the material had been undertaken and reported previously (Flint 1961), and we made use of this in selecting the materials on which the present paper is based. Flint was interested in the relative impact upon intelligibility, of phonological, lexical and syntactic features of the Norfuk Vernacular for English listeners. He employed a linguist, with considerable experience transcribing English contact vernaculars, but not specifically with Pitcairn or Norfuk, to attempt an utterance-by-utterance English translation, under controlled listening conditions. In this way an intelligibility score for each of the 17 dialogues was obtained. There was considerable variation in the intelligibility scores, reflecting a complex of factors, one of which was the ‘depth’ of Norfuk usage sustained by the participants in a given dialogue.
For the present analysis, we selected the dialogue with the lowest intelligibility rating for detailed phonetic analysis, in order to obtain the ‘broadest’ or most authentic samples of Norfuk vernacular, with least contamination by code-switching or interference from the standard English or H variety. The two speakers were a 60+-year-old male and a 60+ female. The dialogue provided approximately 500 words for each speaker. The dialogue was originally recorded on a reel-to-reel tape recorder and subsequently dubbed onto a gramophone recording (LP 33rpm) by Flint. The gramophone recording was digitized for the present analysis. The dialogue may be accessed on the accompanying CD-ROM.
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