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Date: 30-12-2018
1014
Date: 26-10-2018
1114
Date: 11-3-2017
1220
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If the outer valence electrons are not near the nucleus, it does not take as much energy to remove them. Therefore, the energy required to pull off the outermost electron is not as high for the elements at the bottom of the group since there are more energy levels. Also, the high ionization energy makes the element appear non-metallic. Iodine and astatine display metallic properties, so ionization energy decreases down the group (At < I < Br < Cl < F).
Halogen | First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) |
---|---|
Fluorine | 1681 |
Chlorine | 1251 |
Bromine | 1140 |
Iodine | 1008 |
Astatine | 890±40 |
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علامات بسيطة في جسدك قد تنذر بمرض "قاتل"
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أول صور ثلاثية الأبعاد للغدة الزعترية البشرية
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مدرسة دار العلم.. صرح علميّ متميز في كربلاء لنشر علوم أهل البيت (عليهم السلام)
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