Extraction and manufacture of the  group 14elements

   Sources of natural graphite are supplemented by manufactured material formed by heating powdered coke (hightemperature carbonized coal) with silica at ≈ 2800 K. Approximately 30% of diamonds for industrial use in the US are synthetic. Diamond films may be grown using a chemical vapour deposition method and hydrothermal processes are currently being investigated. The manufacture of amorphous carbon (carbon black, used in synthetic rubbers) involves burning oil in a limited supply of air. Silicon (not of high purity) is extracted from silica, SiO₂,

by heating with C or CaC₂ in an electric furnace. Impure Ge can be obtained from flue dusts collected during the extraction of zinc from its ores, or by reducing GeO₂ with H₂ or C. For use in the electronic and semiconductor industries, ultrapure Si and Ge are required, and both can be obtained by zone-melting techniques . Tin is obtained from cassiterite (SnO₂ ) by reduction with C in a furnace but a similar process cannot be applied to extract Pb from its sulfide ore since Δ_fG^o (CS₂,g) is ‏67 kJ mol^-1; thermodynamically viable processes involve the below reactions  at high temperatures. Both Sn and Pb are refined electrolytically.

مواضيع ذات صلة

تطبيق ثلاثيات العدد الذري على المجموعة ٣

تطبيق نفس المعيار على عناصر أخرى يصعب تسكينها في أماكن مناسبة

معيار جديد: الحفاظ على الثلاثيات أو ابتكار ثلاثيات جديدة

بعض الحالات الخاصة

أنماط الجدول الدوري

كيميائية العناصر التخليقية

العناصر من ١١٣ إلى ١١٨

العنصر ١٠٧ وما بعده

العناصر من ١٠١ إلى ١٠٦

عناصر ما بعد اليورانيوم الحقيقية

العناصر الناقصة

الخيمياء الحديثة: من عناصر ناقصة إلى عناصر تخليقية