Non-finite clauses expressing circumstantial meanings
Explicit markers of circumstantial meanings
Not all conjunctions and prepositions are able to function as introducers of non-finite clauses. Those that can do form a sub-set of the total class of each.
Sub-set of conjunctions
when Take extra care when driving at night
while (concession) While agreeing basically with your proposal, we would
nevertheless suggest certain amendments.
although Although feeling unwell, she made an effort to appear cheerful.
if If travelling abroad, watch out for pickpockets.
Sub-set of conjunctive prepositions
before Look both ways before crossing.
since Since receiving your message, I have pondered long on the problem.
from From being a junior clerk, he rose to become General Manager.
in In learning a foreign language, several skills are involved
on On entering the mosque, we were impressed by its spaciousness.
without (reason) Without having read the book, I can’t give an opinion.
