Numerous serologic procedures have been developed to detect antibody via the agglutination of an artificial carrier particle with antigen bound to its surface. As noted in Chapter 9, similar systems using artificial carriers coated with antibodies are commonly used for detection of microbial antigens. Either artificial carriers (e.g., latex particles or treated red blood cells) or biologic carriers (e.g., whole bacterial cells) can carry an antigen on their surface capable of binding with antibody. The size of the carrier enhances the visibility of the agglutination reaction, and the artificial nature of the system allows the antigen bound to the surface to be extremely specific.

The results of particle agglutination tests depend on several factors, including the amount and avidity of antigen conjugated to the carrier, the time of incubation with the patient’s serum (or other source of antibody), and the microenvironment of the interaction (including pH and protein concentration). Commercial tests have been developed as systems, complete with their own diluents, controls, and containers. For accurate results, a serologic test kit should be used as a unit, without modification or mixing from another kit. In addition, tests developed for use with cerebrospinal fluid, for example, should not be used with serum unless the package insert or the technical representative has certified such use.

Treated animal red blood cells have also been used as carriers of antigen for agglutination tests; these tests are called indirect hemagglutination, or passive hemagglutination tests, because it is not the original red blood cell antigens, but rather the passively attached antigens, that are bound by antibody. The most widely used indirect assays include the microhemagglutination test for antibody to T. pallidum (MHA-TP, so called because it is performed in a microtiter plate), the hemagglutination treponemal test for syphilis (HATTS), the passive hemagglutination tests for antibody to extracellular antigens of streptococci, and the rubella indirect hemagglutination tests, all of which are available commercially. Certain reference laboratories, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), also perform indirect hemagglutination tests for antibodies to some clostridia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Leptospira sp., and the agents of several viral and parasitic diseases.

Complete systems for the use of latex or other particle agglutination tests are available commercially for accurate and sensitive detection of antibody to cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, the heterophile antibody of infectious mononucleosis, teichoic acid anti bodies of staphylococci, antistreptococcal antibodies, mycoplasma antibodies, and others. Latex tests for antibodies to Coccidioides, Sporothrix, Echinococcus, and Trichinella spp. are available, although they are not widely used because of the uncommon occurrence of the corresponding infection or its limited geographic distribution. Use of tests for Candida antibodies has not yet shown results reliable enough for accurate diagnosis of disease.

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الآخبار الصحية

الكمية اليومية المثلى من القهوة لصحة نفسية أفضل

معدل ضربات القلب المثالي لحرق الدهون وتحسين القدرة البدنية

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المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Complement Fixation Assays

Flocculation Tests

Direct Whole Pathogen Agglutination Assays

Separating IgM From IgG For Serologic Testing

Serodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases

TSH- Receptor Antibodies

Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies

Interpretation of Serologic Tests

Features of the Humoral Immune Response Useful in Diagnostic Testing

Enzyme Immunoassays

Immunofluorescent assays

Particle Agglutination