thrombosis indicators
المؤلف:
Kathleen Deska Pagana, Timothy J. Pagana, Theresa Noel Pagana.
المصدر:
Mosbys diagnostic and laboratory test reference
الجزء والصفحة:
15th edition , p867-868
2025-09-13
389
Type of test Blood
Normal findings
FDP: < 10 mcg/mL or < 10 mg/L (SI units)
FPA
Male: 0.4-2.6 mg/mL
Female: 0.7-3.1 mg/Ml
F1+2: 7.4-103 mcg/L or 0.2-2.8 nmol/L
Possible critical values
FDP: > 40 mcg/mL
Test explanation and related physiology
Identification of FDPs, FPA, and F1 + 2 is mostly used to document that fibrin clot formation and therefore thrombosis is occurring in patients. These tests support the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The D-dimer test is more commonly used to identify DIC or other forms of thrombosis. These tests also provide an indication of the effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy. Finally, they are used to support the diagnosis and follow treatment for hypercoagulable states.
F1 + 2 is liberated when prothrombin is converted to thrombin in reaction 4 of secondary hemostasis. FPA is released into the bloodstream from alpha and beta chains of fibrinogen during its conversion to fibrin.
Measurement of FDPs is an indicator of the activity of the fibrinolytic system. Whenever a fibrin clot or primarily fibrinogen degenerates, fragment monomers called FDPs (X, D, E, and Y) result. These, therefore, are indirect evidence of thrombosis and/or DIC. FDPs also are increased with other secondary fibrinolytic disorders. Thrombolytic therapy used to treat vascular thrombosis is associated with increased FDPs. Streptokinase or urokinase stimulates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.
These products of hemostasis and fibrinolysis also may be elevated in patients with extensive malignancy, tissue necrosis, trauma surgery, or gram-negative sepsis.
Interfering factors
• Traumatic venipunctures may increase FPA levels.
• Surgery or massive trauma is associated with increased levels.
• Menstruation may be associated with increased FDP levels.
* Drugs that may cause increased levels include barbiturates, streptokinase, and urokinase.
* Drugs that may cause decreased levels include warfarin and other oral anticoagulants.
Procedure and patient care
• See inside front cover for Routine Blood Testing.
• Fasting: no
• Blood tube commonly used: verify with laboratory
• Avoid prolonged use of a tourniquet.
• Draw the sample before initiating heparin therapy.
• Avoid excessive agitation of the blood sample.
Abnormal findings
Increased levels
- DIC
- Heart or vascular surgery
- Thromboembolism
- Thrombosis
-Advanced malignancy
- Severe inflammation
- Postoperative states
- Massive trauma
- Deficiency in proteins S and C
- Antithrombin III deficiency
Decreased levels
- Anticoagulation therapy
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