Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
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Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
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Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
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Adverbs of reason
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Adverbs of manner
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Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
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Elementary
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Assessment
INPUT
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P134
2025-09-01
12
+
-
20
INPUT
The language to which a listener or reader is exposed: a term used especially in relation to first and second language acquisition.
Input in first language acquisition is referred to as child directed speech (CDS), motherese, caretaker talk or baby talk. Controversy attaches to whether it is rich, accurate and comprehensive enough for the child to develop full linguistic competence from it; or whether the data it provides is ‘impoverished’. In the latter case, we have to assume the existence of an innate mechanism, specific to language, which assists the process of acquisition.
Speech to non-native speakers sometimes takes the form of a simplified register known as foreigner talk, which shares many phonological and syntactic characteristics of CDS but is more likely than CDS to use structures which are syntactically deviant (You no like?). There has been debate as to whether a certain level of attention is necessary in order for second language acquisition to occur. A distinction has been made between simply encountering a new linguistic structure in the input and ‘noticing’ that the structure is different from the form which the learner might employ in the same circumstances.
See also: Child Directed Speech, Foreigner talk, Intake, Nativism
Further reading: Ellis (1994: 243–91); Gallaway and Richards (1994)
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
