Born: 15 April 1452 in Vinci (near Empolia), Italy
Died: 2 May 1519 in Cloux, Amboise, France

Leonardo da Vinci was educated in his father's house receiving the usual elementary education of reading, writing and arithmetic. In 1467 he became an apprentice learning painting, sculpture and acquiring technical and mechanical skills. He was accepted into the painters' guild in Florence in 1472 but he continued to work as an apprentice until 1477. From that time he worked for himself in Florence as a painter. Already during this time he sketched pumps, military weapons and other machines.

Between 1482 and 1499 Leonardo was in the service of the Duke of Milan. He was described in a list of the Duke's staff as a painter and engineer of the duke. As well as completing six paintings during his time in the Duke's service he also advised on architecture, fortifications and military matters. He was also considered as a hydraulic and mechanical engineer.

During his time in Milan, Leonardo became interested in geometry. He read Leon Battista Alberti's books on architecture and Piero della Francesca's On Perspective in Painting. He illustrated Pacioli's Divina proportione and he continued to work with Pacioli and is reported to have neglected his painting because he became so engrossed in geometry.

Leonardo studied Euclid and Pacioli's Suma and began his own geometry research, sometimes giving mechanical solutions. He gave several methods of squaring the circle, again using mechanical methods. He wrote a book, around this time, on the elementary theory of mechanics which appeared in Milan around 1498.

Leonardo certainly realised the possibility of constructing a telescope and in Codex Atlanticus written in 1490 he talks of

... making glasses to see the Moon enlarged.

In a later work, Codex Arundul written about 1513, he says that

... in order to observe the nature of the planets, open the roof and bring the image of a single planet onto the base of a concave mirror. The image of the planet reflected by the base will show the surface of the planet much magnified.

See [28] for more details of this quotation and more of Leonardo's ideas about the Universe. He understood the fact that the Moon shone with reflected light from the Sun and he correctly explained the 'old Moon in the new Moon's arms' as the Moon's surface illuminated by light reflected from the Earth. He thought of the Moon as being similar to the Earth with seas and areas of solid ground.

In 1499 the French armies entered Milan and the Duke was defeated. Some months later Leonardo left Milan together with Pacioli. He travelled to Mantua, Venice and finally reached Florence. Although he was under constant pressure to paint, mathematical studies kept him away from his painting activity much of the time. He was for a time employed by Cesare Borgia as a

senior military architect and general engineer.

By 1503 he was back in Florence advising on the project to divert the River Arno behind Pisa to help with the siege of the city which the Florentines were engaged in. He then produced plans for a canal to allow Florence access to the sea. The canal was never built nor was the River Arno diverted.

In 1506 Leonardo returned for a second period in Milan. Again his scientific work took precedence over his painting and he was involved in hydrodynamics, anatomy, mechanics, mathematics and optics.

In 1513 the French were removed from Milan and Leonardo moved again, this time to Rome. However he seems to have led a lonely life in Rome again more devoted to mathematical studies and technical experiments in his studio than to painting. After three years of unhappiness Leonardo accepted an invitation from King Francis I to enter his service in France.

The French King gave Leonardo the title of

first painter, architect, and mechanic of the King

1. M Clagett, K D Keele, A Marinoni, l Reti, C J Schneer, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Leonardo_da_Vinci.aspx#5
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. 
   http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047910/Stanislaw-Lesniewski

Books:

1. M Clagett, The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages (Madison, 1959).
2. K Clark, Leonardo da Vinci (London, 1975).
3. B Dibner, Machines and Weapons, in Leonardo the Inventor (New York, 1980).
4. P Duhem, Études sur Léonard de Vinci (Paris, 1906-13).
5. M Kemp, Leonardo da Vinci: The Marvelous Works of Nature and Man (1981).
6. A Marinoni, La matematica di Leonardo da Vinci (Milan, 1982).
7. R McLanathan, Images of the Universe: Leonardo da Vinci: The Artist as Scientist (1966).
8. D A Moody and M Clagett, The Medieval Science of Weights (Madison, 1952).
9. L Reti, The Engineer, in Leonardo the Inventor (New York, 1980).
10. V C Zubov, Leonardo da Vinci (Cambridge, 1968).

Articles:

1. A Agostini, I baricentri e loro proprietà in Leonardo da Vinci (Italian), Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (3) 7 (1952), 321-327.
2. I A Apokin, Leonardo da Vinci : the general concept of science and art (Russian), Voprosy Istor. Estestvoznan. i Tekhn. (4) (1986), 125-133.
3. L M Batkin, The originality of Leonardo da Vinci's thought : 'examples' and 'rules' (Russian), Voprosy Istor. Estestvoznan. i Tekhn. (4) (1986), 116-125.
4. M Clagett, Leonardo da Vinci and the medieval Archimedes, Physis - Riv. Internaz. Storia Sci. 11 (1-4) (1969), 100-151.
5. I S Fenyo, Leonardo da Vinci and mathematics (Italian), Rend. Sem. Mat. Fis. Milano 54 (1984), 101-125.
6. R Giacomelli, La dinamica di Leonardo da Vinci (Italian), Aerotecnica 22 (1952), 178-191.
7. A T Grigorian, L'héritage scientifique de Léonard de Vinci dans les travaux des savants soviétiques, Arch. Internat. Hist. Sci. 37 (118) (1987), 83-92.
8. A T Grigoryan, I B Pogrebysski and A P Youschkevitch, L'héritage scientifique de Léonard de Vinci dans les travaux des savants soviétiques, Organon 8 (1971), 167-180.
9. I Ivanov and Al Dobrescu, Discussion of a problem of Leonardo da Vinci (Romanian), Gaz. Mat. Fiz. Ser. A 15 (68) (1963), 686-693.
10. E O Macagno, Leonardo da Vinci: Engineer and scientist, in G Garbrecht (ed.), Hydraulics and Hydraulic Research: A Historical Review (Rotterdam-Boston, 1987), 33-54.
11. N M Merkulova, Leonardo da Vinci and the problem of flight (Russian), Istor. Metodol. Estestv. Nauk 32 (1986), 197-203.
12. A Patroni, Il manoscritto M 39 r dei manoscritti di Leonardo da Vinci. (Raccolta di Francia) (Italian), Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. (3) 6 (1951), 159-162.
13. A Pignedoli, Alcune considerazioni su Leonardo da Vinci artista, pensatore, scienziato (Italian), Accad. Sci. Modena. Atti Mem. (5) 10 (1952), 120-133.
14. A Signorini, Leonardo da Vinci e la meccanica (Italian), Scientia (6) 88 (1953), 1-10.
15. E B Thro, Leonardo da Vinci's solution to the problem of the pinhole camera, Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 48 (3-4) (1994), 343-371.
16. D Whitehouse, Leonardo and astronomy, Journal of the British Astronomical Association 103 (1993), 218.
17. V P Zubov, Leonardo da Vinci and the work of Vitelo, 'Perspectiva' (Russian), Trudy Inst. Istor. Estest. Tehn. 1 (1954), 219-248.

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